Muslims from the West, the Chinese, many of whom had embraced Islam, and the Hindu-Javanese, who are not Muslim (the natives).
4. Mangaradja Onggang, Tuanku Rao. [Imam Bonjol]
5. Ibid.3 pp 184,186,188.
6. Slamet Muljana, Runtuknja Keradjaan Hindu-Djawa dan timbulnja Negara-Negara Islam di Nusantara (The Fall of the Hindu-Javanese Kingdom and the Rise of Islamic States in the Archipelago), 1968, Jakarta: Bhratara. Muljana also reports that there was “influence of a certain Chinese art in the first Islamized monuments of Java’s northern coastal area”.
7. Amen Budiman, Indonesia ‘Times’ weekly, 14 September 1985. Also see Budiman, Masyarakat Islam Tionghoa di Indonesia (The Chinese Muslim Community in Indonesia) 1979, Semarang: Tanjung Sari p.75. And Budiman, Semarang, Riwayatmu Dulu, 1978, Semarang: Penerbit Tanjung Sari p.26
8. Tan Yeok Seong, Chinese Element in the Islamisation of Southeast Asia, --A Study of the Story of Njai gede Pinatih, the Great Lady of Gresik --, in Journal of the South Seas Society Vol.30, Parts 1&2, December 1975. This is the story of this ‘grand old lady’, a member of the family of Shih Chin Ching, the Pacifier of Kukang installed by Zheng He in 1405. She had been married to the regent of Madjopahit, and after his death, settled down in Grissee and adopted Islam as her religion. Her tomb, with the writing “Njai Ageng Pinateh” can still be seen in the mosque of Demak.
9. Heru Christiyono, Perayaan Sam Poo Thay Jian: Ulang Tahun Klenteng Gedung Batu Semarang (Celebrating San Bao Tai Jian: Anniversary of Semarang stone house), 1982, in the magazine Selecta, no.1104.
10. Li Tong Cai, Indonesia – Legends and Facts, 1979, Singapore. p.85
11. Nine Saints of Java, edited by Alijah Gordon 1996.
12. This number even surpassed the total Malay population which stood at 285.202, for the same four states. Mustapa Mohamed, Kemelut Politik Melayu 2000, p.3
13. Mohammed Djinguiz, L’Islam au Borneo Britannique septentrional’ (Islam in the British Northern Borneo), Revue du Monde Musulman, June 1908, Vol.V, no.6
14. Ibid.12 p.4
15. Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
16. Tan Chee Beng, A Note on the Orang Yunnan in Terengganu, 1991, Archipel No.42. Tan talks about a few socio-cultural aspects of these people. In appearance they look physically Chinese (2nd and 3rd generations). Islamic education is emphasized together with formal education in an Arabic school. Few attend Chinese schools. Professionally, many of the descendants are teachers and government employees. There are quite a number of Islamic specialists. Their ethnic status now is Bumiputra, the transition facilitated by intermarriages with Malays.
17. Malays accept more easily an original Chinese Muslim (born to Muslim parents from China) than they will a Chinese who converted to Islam for any reason. In actual fact, in Islam there is no distinction. Any person who becomes Muslim is Muslim.
18. Tan Chee-Beng, A Note on the Orang Yunnan in Terengganu, 1991, Archipel No.62
19. Chen Shu Shi, 陳 漱 石 撥 開 雲 霧 見 清 真 (Lift the Fog to see Islam) p.164
20. ibid.19 pp. 138-140
Source : Chinese Muslim In Malaysia.
